Abstract: In many tunnel designs, lining cross section is selected based on construction requirements rather than design loads. A constant cross section is typically used along a tunnel especially for tunnels constructed by tunnel ...

Abstract: Tensioned glass fiber-reinforced fabric has been used in roofs and canopies for various permanent structures such as stadiums and airport terminals all around the world. At its final state of geometry, the fabric shall be ...

Abstract: During earthquakes multisimple-span bridges are vulnerable to span separation at their expansion joints. A common way of preventing unseating of spans is to have cable or rod restrainers that provide connections between ...

Abstract: Tunnel liners can suffer significant structural damage when exposed to long duration fires. The resulting damage to the tunnel liner can produce casualties, major service disruptions, and financial loss. Structural fire ...