http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4034748 Thu, 23 Apr 2026 05:55:44 GMT 2026-04-23T05:55:44Z http://localhost:80/yetl1/bitstream/id/383135/ http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4034748 http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4263586 100 Years of Progress in Understanding the General Circulation of the Atmosphere Held, Isaac M. AbstractSome of the advances of the past century in our understanding of the general circulation of the atmosphere are described, starting with a brief summary of some of the key developments from the first half of the twentieth century, but with a primary focus on the period beginning with the midcentury breakthrough in baroclinic instability and quasigeostrophic dynamics. In addition to baroclinic instability, topics touched upon include the following: stationary wave theory, the role played by the two-layer model, scaling arguments for the eddy heat flux, the subtlety of large-scale eddy momentum fluxes, the Eliassen?Palm flux and the transformed Eulerian mean formulation, the structure of storm tracks, and the controls on the Hadley cell. Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4263586 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4263584 100 Years of Progress in Boundary Layer Meteorology LeMone, Margaret A.; Angevine, Wayne M.; Bretherton, Christopher S.; Chen, Fei; Dudhia, Jimy; Fedorovich, Evgeni; Katsaros, Kristina B.; Lenschow, Donald H.; Mahrt, Larry; Patton, Edward G.; Sun, Jielun; Tjernström, Michael; Weil, Jeffrey AbstractOver the last 100 years, boundary layer meteorology grew from the subject of mostly near-surface observations to a field encompassing diverse atmospheric boundary layers (ABLs) around the world. From the start, researchers drew from an ever-expanding set of disciplines?thermodynamics, soil and plant studies, fluid dynamics and turbulence, cloud microphysics, and aerosol studies. Research expanded upward to include the entire ABL in response to the need to know how particles and trace gases dispersed, and later how to represent the ABL in numerical models of weather and climate (starting in the 1970s?80s); taking advantage of the opportunities afforded by the development of large-eddy simulations (1970s), direct numerical simulations (1990s), and a host of instruments to sample the boundary layer in situ and remotely from the surface, the air, and space. Near-surface flux-profile relationships were developed rapidly between the 1940s and 1970s, when rapid progress shifted to the fair-weather convective boundary layer (CBL), though tropical CBL studies date back to the 1940s. In the 1980s, ABL research began to include the interaction of the ABL with the surface and clouds, the first ABL parameterization schemes emerged; and land surface and ocean surface model development blossomed. Research in subsequent decades has focused on more complex ABLs, often identified by shortcomings or uncertainties in weather and climate models, including the stable boundary layer, the Arctic boundary layer, cloudy boundary layers, and ABLs over heterogeneous surfaces (including cities). The paper closes with a brief summary, some lessons learned, and a look to the future. Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4263584 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4263583 100 Years of Progress in Applied Meteorology. Part III: Additional Applications Haupt, Sue Ellen; Kosović, Branko; McIntosh, Scott W.; Chen, Fei; Miller, Kathleen; Shepherd, Marshall; Williams, Marcus; Drobot, Sheldon AbstractApplied meteorology is an important and rapidly growing field. This chapter concludes the three-chapter series of this monograph describing how meteorological information can be used to serve society?s needs while at the same time advancing our understanding of the basics of the science. This chapter continues along the lines of Part II of this series by discussing ways that meteorological and climate information can help to improve the output of the agriculture and food-security sector. It also discusses how agriculture alters climate and its long-term implications. It finally pulls together several of the applications discussed by treating the food?energy?water nexus. The remaining topics of this chapter are those that are advancing rapidly with more opportunities for observation and needs for prediction. The study of space weather is advancing our understanding of how the barrage of particles from other planetary bodies in the solar system impacts Earth?s atmosphere. Our ability to predict wildland fires by coupling atmospheric and fire-behavior models is beginning to impact decision-support systems for firefighters. Last, we examine how artificial intelligence is changing the way we predict, emulate, and optimize our meteorological variables and its potential to amplify our capabilities. Many of these advances are directly due to the rapid increase in observational data and computer power. The applications reviewed in this series of chapters are not comprehensive, but they will whet the reader?s appetite for learning more about how meteorology can make a concrete impact on the world?s population by enhancing access to resources, preserving the environment, and feeding back into a better understanding how the pieces of the environmental system interact. Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4263583 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4263582 Social Sciences, Weather, and Climate Change Lemos, Maria Carmen; Eakin, Hallie; Dilling, Lisa; Worl, Jessica AbstractFew currently deny that extreme weather and climate change are among the most pressing problems of our times. There is also general agreement that humans are intrinsically part of the problem and of the solution. For the past hundred years, the American Meteorological Society (AMS) has supported weather and climate science, but only recently has it included the social sciences. In this chapter we review a few trends in the social science of climatic impact currently informing understanding of human interactions with weather, hazards, and climate change, including the science of science use, vulnerability and adaptation, and climatic change, health, and security. We argue that the social sciences have been steadily growing within AMS journals and have made an impact on the field (especially after the launching of a specific journal focusing on impact?Weather, Climate, and Society) but still have much room to grow within AMS to represent the many areas of social studies of weather and climate in the literature. One grand challenge that remains is to increase the usability and use of AMS-produced knowledge to inform decision-making in mitigating and responding to climatic change. Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4263582 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z