Abstract: Numerous in vitro studies have examined the initiation and propagation of fatigue injury pathways in the annulus fibrosus (AF) using isolated motion segments; however, the cyclevarying changes to the AF under cyclic biaxial ...

Abstract: To assess how posture affects the transmission of mechanical energy up the spinal column during vibration, 18 porcine functional spinal units (FSUs) were exposed to a sinusoidal force (1500 آ±â€‰1200 N) at 5 Hz for ...

Abstract: Preventing dehydration during in vitro testing of isolated layers of annulus fibrosus tissue may require different test conditions than functional spine units. The purpose of the study was twofold: (A) to quantify changes ...